The short-term outlook for energy markets looks difficult. Prices for coal, oil, and in particular natural gas, have risen significantly. This in turn puts pressure on emissions reduction schemes – at least in the short term. . This report confirms the growing momentum for the ETS developments, as the number of systems continues to rise. There are now 28 such systems in force, three more than last year, with 20 more systems under development or consideration across the world, particularly in the Latin American and Asia-Pacific regions